{"id":756,"date":"2022-06-07T16:13:52","date_gmt":"2022-06-07T21:13:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/?page_id=756"},"modified":"2022-06-07T16:30:48","modified_gmt":"2022-06-07T21:30:48","slug":"intro-overview","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/metr5603\/intro-overview\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction and Overview Topics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69dc2e8f6d0bd&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/canvas.ou.edu\/courses\/245105\/files\/38239741\/preview\" alt=\"\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption>A radiosonde is launched with a storm in the background. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To get us kicked off, we&#8217;ll review several background concepts to build a foundation for everyone to be prepared for the rest of the course. All lecture materials will be recorded and provided electronically here in this section so students can take as much or as little time as needed to familiarize themselves with each topic. This section will wrap up with the first homework assignment of the course!&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Overview of Boundary-Layer Processes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>All slides now available as PDFs under files ESmith_Slides<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This topic has been divided up into 4 sub-topics:&nbsp;wind and flow, turbulent transport, boundary layer structure, and the significance of the boundary layer. Each sub-topic has been treated as an isolated block to break up the content into more easily ingested material of shorter length.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wind and Flow<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Intro to BL Processes -- Wind And Flow\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/irWvZ9gDW3Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Turbulent Transport<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Intro to BL Processes -- Turbulence\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wuaDiUhFEQE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Boundary-Layer Structure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Intro to BL Processes -- BL Structure\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/o0YK2wkq_uk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Significance of the Boundary Layer<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Intro to BL Processes -- BL Significance\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_jojh5TFRMk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Boundary Layer Thermodynamics<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Intro to Boundary Layer Thermodynamics<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"ABL Thermodynamics - Introduction\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/do3hv3G-CB4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thermodynamic Quantities<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"ABL Thermodynamic - Quantities\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VxQb9pT2MHM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Static Stability<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"ABL Thermodynamics - Static Stability\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G4j756u5Fns?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1o0i0Wg-cAGSRAC8vUc7FKvRlwbA-6Vx3\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\">Stull (1988) Figure 5.17&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Examples<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"ABL Thermodynamics - Data Examples\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wmJ2TXwUi9U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ou-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/f\/h0e5ud\/TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_1802625\" target=\"_blank\">An analysis of the processes affecting rapid near-surface water vapor increases during the afternoon to evening transition in Oklahoma<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Basics of Turbulence<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction to Turbulence<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Turbulence  - Introduction\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RqHqA5CG4qQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Energy Cascade<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Turbulence  - The Energy Cascade\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RDCm62IYSHw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Equations of Motion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Turbulence  - The Equations of Motion\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/j54WKIdi6Dg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: I made a typo on the Reynold Decomposition slide (4:23): there should be two bars on the first term, not just one big one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Turbulence Closure<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Turbulence - Turbulence Closure\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lXqock9MAOQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Similarity Theory<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Turbulence  - Similarity Theory\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Cy2EnSOKgVQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Additional Content<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recently, a number of science content creators on YouTube have taken an interest in fluid dynamics, and due to that, there&#8217;s some really fascinating videos about turbulence out there now. I embedded a couple of the one&#8217;s I&#8217;ve enjoyed below.&nbsp; &#8211;TB<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Why 5\/3 is a fundamental constant for turbulence\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_UoTTq651dE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Turbulent Flow is MORE Awesome Than Laminar Flow\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5zI9sG3pjVU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Basic Instrumentation Concepts<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction to Instruments<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Instrument Basics - Intro to Instruments\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/D6BJwOsKdwk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Circuitry<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Instrument Basics - Circuitry\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SxCZjra9MkQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Extra Resources:<br><\/em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.sparkfun.com\/tutorials\/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law\" target=\"_blank\">Sparkfun Tutorials &amp; Examples<\/a><br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/theory.uwinnipeg.ca\/physics\/curr\/node5.html\" target=\"_blank\">U Winnipeg Tutorials<\/a><br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/theory.uwinnipeg.ca\/physics\/curr\/node9.html\" target=\"_blank\">U Winnipeg Examples&nbsp;(Links to an external site.)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Characterization &amp; Calibration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Instrument Basics  - Calibration and Characterization\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/B2DEnwOhMaY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Collection &amp; Management Principles&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Instrument Basics - Data Collection and Management\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3bKWHrdR_AY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Extra Resources:<br><\/em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eol.ucar.edu\/node\/4871\" target=\"_blank\">EOL Readme Recommendations\u00a0<\/a><em><br><\/em>Demery and Pipkin (2021)<br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/serc.carleton.edu\/advancegeo\/resources\/field_work.html\" target=\"_blank\">In the Field by ADVANCEgeo &amp; Carleton College<\/a><br><br><em>Women in Fieldwork* (AGS Panel Recording)<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 no captions provided on this recording file; please contact for transcription or other accessibility requests for this media offering<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Women* in Field Work\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9gv4ceS-kK4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Surface Energy Balance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Surface Energy Balance\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/K-4KmWB9CKQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Radiation &nbsp;Balance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Radiation Balance\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OIIT1T-wU-s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Diurnal Cycle and Deviations From It<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This is a bonus material section provided in lieu of the course section we miss for Labor Day. This is all provided as extra, non-mandatory content!&nbsp;<\/em><br>In many of the above topics, the discussed concepts were considered in the context of the idealized quiescent boundary layer. In these conditions, the main drivers of boundary layer evolution are related to radiative flux as the surface of the earth warms and cools. The evolution of the boundary layer under these conditions has been described here as the&nbsp;<em>diurnal cycle<\/em>. Of course, the real world we live in isn&#8217;t always so simple or idealized. There are several conditions, phenomena, and regional impacts that can lead to deviations from the diurnal cycle as it was discussed here. We will briefly introduce&nbsp;some&nbsp;(NOT ALL!) of those here, leaving these topics as optional further reading for the curious reader. Many of this so-called deviation sources are entire fields of study themselves! Complex and evolving, these deviations are driven by physics on scales ranging from the most local (e.g., city-scale) to meso- and synoptic (e.g., hurricanes and mid-latitude patterns)!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sea breezes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In coastal regions, a breeze commonly blows from the water in over the land (when the sea surface is colder than the adjacent land\u2013\u2013or in other words, usually during the day). The opposite occurs at night when the land cools, and the slower-to-cool water&#8217;s surface is now warmer than the land. This land-to-sea breeze is commonly called a land breeze. The land-sea breeze circulation can disturb the diurnal cycle in several ways. It slowly penetrates further inland throughout the day, bringing cooler air with it. Additionally, as a circulation, it has an upward leg which can be associated with cloud formation and convection initiation. Cool air protrusion, clouds, and convection can all interrupt the diurnal cycle of the boundary layer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69dc2e8f6d971&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/canvas.ou.edu\/courses\/245105\/files\/38792564\/preview\" alt=\"Mid afternoon diagram of sea breeze circulation from the comet program showing warm air rising over land. This leads to lower pressure over land, higher pressure over water and low level wind flowing from water to land. Above the surface return flow blows opposite from land to water. \" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meted.ucar.edu\/mesoprim\/seabreez\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Thermally Forced Circulation I: Sea-Breeze module from Comet\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0is available for additional learning. Additional reading from the literature is also provided below. By the way, there is a partially on-going campaign including the OU-BLISS team that focuses on some sea breeze topics in Houston called\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arm.gov\/research\/campaigns\/amf2021tracer\" target=\"_blank\">TRACER\u00a0<\/a>! Delayed by COVID, part of the project is going on right now (CLAMPS1 is deployed!) , while most assets including CLAMPS and some UAS platforms will head down next summer!\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Readings:\u00a0<br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/4\/648\" target=\"_blank\">Augustin et al. (2020)\u00a0<\/a><br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1029\/2020JD033165?casa_token=QO7SbF2JORIAAAAA%3AnR8pWrT4bu4uCl6aUktoTKpQq5VNjAVxpV3KtuP7BQefvKTl_SoOd798LAKHpgUf9yaOH5YyhMQL\" target=\"_blank\">Li et al. (2020)\u00a0<\/a><br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/joc.5077?casa_token=KhXkDZIJVrEAAAAA%3AEqul_RkFRO8pXSE-5k_0xr8J-MkiL859Un6S94buaTsuhnNLdL8vyqAsyomVMV28iQXoyXw4hbWP\" target=\"_blank\">Perez and Silva-Dias (2017)\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clouds<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As you may recall from introductory courses, radiation classes, or even physics, there is a basic relationship between the surface and the radiative properties of the atmospheric column above it. Of course this would include clouds. As you can imagine, the presence of and change in clouds can dramatically impact the diurnal cycle of the boundary layer.\u00a0<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"477\" height=\"355\" src=\"https:\/\/canvas.ou.edu\/courses\/245105\/files\/38793048\/preview\" alt=\"Simple diagram illustrating that clouds can reflect shortwave radiation back up into the atmosphere, which can be a cooling effect, and trap long wave radiation below them, which can be a warming effect. \"><br>Depending on the cloud type and cloud coverage, clouds can act to warm or cool the boundary layer. They can prevent or delay the morning transition or they can maintain a warm enough boundary layer to sustain some amount of buoyant mixing. This is because clouds can reflect incoming solar (shortwave radiation) and trap outgoing surface (longwave) radiation. A very dramatic example of clouds impacting the boundary layer is fog, which is simply cloud at the surface. These effects of clouds, and their impacts on the surface and radiative balance, are a huge source of uncertainly in global climate models today.\u00a0<br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/mwre\/144\/1\/mwr-d-15-0247.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\">Research on anvil Shading impacting storm environments\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fronts &amp; Airmass Change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Underlying many of the assumptions that go into the idealized boundary layer that best supports the diurnal cycle we&#8217;ve primarily discussed is horizontal homogeneity. In &#8216;real-world&#8217; terms we can in some ways achieve this assumption by not considering the effects of advection or transport of atmospheric characteristic overtime. Of course we know that isn&#8217;t true. Any one of us that has every fielded questions about being a meteorologist has surely been asked about being on TV and those darn fronts. They are, after all, one of the most ubiquitous symbols and features of meteorology. Fronts come along and bring with them drastic airmass changes at all times of the day or night. These can be obviously very disruptive to the diurnal cycle.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/canvas.ou.edu\/courses\/245105\/files\/38797525\/preview\" alt=\"OK Mesonet meteogram for Mangum, OK for 24 hr strain 10:05 am on 4 March 2003. \"><br>This meteorgram shows a dramatic cold front example from 2003 in Mangum, OK. Imagine what that would do to your diurnal cycle! You can read the relevant mesonet ticker\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/ticker.mesonet.org\/select.php?mo=03&amp;da=05&amp;yr=2003\" target=\"_blank\">here\u00a0<\/a>.\u00a0<br>Advection across any boundary that brings change to the airmass can modify the diurnal cycle from the ideal examples we&#8217;ve discussed previously.\u00a0<br>Reading:<br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169809521003811\" target=\"_blank\">Pal et al. (2021)\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Storms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When impacted by storms, the boundary layer takes on new characteristics. Precipitation, clouds, local circulation, re-distribution of pressure balance, new boundaries, and more can modify the boundary layer so much that it has nearly no characteristics of its former self.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On large scales, storms can become the driving force of the boundary layer all together. For example, the hurricane boundary layer is a specific type of boundary layer that is an active sub-field of study in meteorology. Understanding how the lowest portions of the hurricane-adjacent atmosphere interacts with the ocean surface is critical to understanding (and thus modeling) hurricane processes and evolution!\u00a0<br>Check out\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meted.ucar.edu\/tropical\/textbook_2nd_edition\/navmenu.php?tab=7&amp;page=0.0.0\" target=\"_blank\">Ch. 6 of Comet&#8217;s Tropical Meteorology Textbook<\/a><br>Research Reading:\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/qj.216?casa_token=IPw-ced6Mi8AAAAA:PDDHehjVUBJu_vmgI415GY6G56iM7gJohfgoo69nYCGAHF2kBzKjwIBlSQFyu0Nl7d1Kmj7VZP6b\" target=\"_blank\">Smith and Vogl (2008)\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On local scales, storms can introduce effects on a large range on magnitudes. Here, I&#8217;ll show an example of CLAMPS2 Doppler lidar vertical velocity observations from 6-7 July 2021 at Kessler Farm (near Washington, OK). These data were collected in\u00a0<em>clear air<\/em>\u00a0on a day and into an evening which would be expected to be &#8216;textbook&#8217; diurnal. They were meant to sample a simple early evening transition period (see, for example,\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-012-9760-3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Bonin et al. 2013\u00a0<\/a>). However, at about 20 UTC, small, slow-moving thunderstorms initiated to the southeast of the observation point. The storms were fairly short lived and did not\u00a0<em>directly<\/em>\u00a0impact the observation location.<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"919\" height=\"382\" src=\"https:\/\/canvas.ou.edu\/courses\/245105\/files\/38797245\/preview\" alt=\"CLAMPS2 vertical velocity observations with annotations. If accessible content is needed to replace this, please reach out to the instructor(s). \">\u00a0<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After observing the expected convectively mixed CBL with fair weather cumulus overhead, the early evening transition period began. Prior to sunset, turbulence begins to decay as the angle of solar incidence reduces the total solar heating received at the surface. There is still discussion in the literature about the processes that precisely contribute during this period, and it remains a poorly understood period (see Bonin et al. 2013 cited above). At about 2330 UTC, a weak outflow from a distant dissipating convective cell reached the observation location. This outflow interrupted the diurnal cycle and the ongoing evening transition, and ascent was observed instead. Reinvigorated PBL turbulent mixing was observed for over an hour before the nocturnal boundary layer really formed. Even then, ongoing periodic wave-like features were observed in the upper PBL. Intermittent turbulence activity appeared near the surface overnight as well. All of these disruptions were related to a relatively\u00a0<em>weak outflow<\/em>\u00a0from a\u00a0<em>small,\u00a0dissipating<\/em>\u00a0storm. (P.S. These data and other cases like them are available online! You can find CLAMPS data on the THREDDS data server that NSSL maintains at\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/data.nssl.noaa.gov\/thredds\/catalog\/FRDD\/CLAMPS\/campaigns\/catalog.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/data.nssl.noaa.gov\/thredds\/catalog\/FRDD\/CLAMPS\/campaigns\/catalog.html<\/a>. This case was from the BLISSFUL campaign!)\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>After mastering the concepts covered in this section, you should be ready to tackle\u00a0homework 1! This first homework assignment will be the lightest in terms of coding out of the assignments given in this course. The purpose here is to really make sure you are on a solid basic boundary-layer foundation before we jump into observation topics. These topics are provided in on-demand formats so you can go at your own pace to make sure you fully understand the ideas and concepts covered in these sections!\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To get us kicked off, we&#8217;ll review several background concepts to build a foundation for everyone to be prepared for the rest of the course. All lecture materials will be&#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/metr5603\/intro-overview\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more \u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":150,"featured_media":0,"parent":745,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-756","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/150"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=756"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":769,"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/756\/revisions\/769"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/745"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inside.nssl.noaa.gov\/ensmith\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}